HTML5 Tutorial

With HTML you can create your own Web site.
This tutorial teaches you everything about HTML.
HTML is easy to learn - You will enjoy it.

Examples in Every Chapter

This HTML tutorial contains hundreds of HTML examples.
With our online HTML editor, you can edit the HTML, and click on a button to view the result.

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<body>

<h1>This is a Heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>

Click on the "Try it Yourself" button to see how it works.

HTML Examples

At the end of the HTML tutorial, you can find more than 200 examples.
With our online editor, you can edit and test each example yourself.
Go to HTML Examples!

HTML Exercises and Quiz Test

Test your HTML skills at W3Schools!
Start HTML Exercises!
Start HTML Quiz!

HTML References

At W3Schools you will find complete references about tags, attributes, events, color names, entities, character-sets, URL encoding, language codes, HTTP messages, and more.
HTML Tag Reference

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HTML Introduction

What is HTML?

HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages.

HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
HTML describes the structure of Web pages using markup
HTML elements are the building blocks of HTML pages
HTML elements are represented by tags
HTML tags label pieces of content such as "heading", "paragraph", "table", and so on
Browsers do not display the HTML tags, but use them to render the content of the page

A Simple HTML Document

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<body>

<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>

Example Explained

The <!DOCTYPE html> declaration defines this document to be HTML5
The <html> element is the root element of an HTML page
The <head> element contains meta information about the document
The <title> element specifies a title for the document
The <body> element contains the visible page content
The <h1> element defines a large heading
The <p> element defines a paragraph

HTML Tags

HTML tags are element names surrounded by angle brackets:

<tagname>content goes here...</tagname>

HTML tags normally come in pairs like <p> and </p>
The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag
The end tag is written like the start tag, but with a forward slash inserted before the tag name

Tip: The start tag is also called the opening tag, and the end tag the closing tag.

Web Browsers

The purpose of a web browser (Chrome, IE, Firefox, Safari) is to read HTML documents and display them.
The browser does not display the HTML tags, but uses them to determine how to display the document:
View in Browser

HTML Page Structure

Below is a visualization of an HTML page structure:

<html>

<head>

<title>Page title</title>

</head>

<body>

<h1>This is a heading</h1>

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

<p>This is another paragraph.</p>

</body>

</html>

Note: Only the content inside the <body> section (the white area above) is displayed in a browser.

The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration

The <!DOCTYPE> declaration represents the document type, and helps browsers to display web pages correctly.
It must only appear once, at the top of the page (before any HTML tags).
The <!DOCTYPE> declaration is not case sensitive.
The <!DOCTYPE> declaration for HTML is:

<!DOCTYPE html>

HTML Versions

Since the early days of the web, there have been many versions of HTML:

Version	Year
HTML	1991
HTML 2.0	1995
HTML 3.2	1997
HTML 4.01	1999
XHTML	2000
HTML5	2014

HTML Editors

Write HTML Using Notepad or TextEdit

Web pages can be created and modified by using professional HTML editors.
However, for learning HTML we recommend a simple text editor like Notepad (PC) or TextEdit (Mac).
We believe using a simple text editor is a good way to learn HTML.
Follow the four steps below to create your first web page with Notepad or TextEdit.

Step 1: Open Notepad (PC)

Windows 8 or later:
Open the Start Screen (the window symbol at the bottom left on your screen). Type Notepad.
Windows 7 or earlier:
Open Start > Programs > Accessories > Notepad

Step 1: Open TextEdit (Mac)

Open Finder > Applications > TextEdit

Also change some preferences to get the application to save files correctly. In Preferences > Format > choose "Plain Text"

Then under "Open and Save", check the box that says "Ignore rich text commands in HTML files".

Then open a new document to place the code.

Step 2: Write Some HTML

Write or copy some HTML into Notepad.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

<p>My first paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>

Step 3: Save the HTML Page

Save the file on your computer. Select File > Save as in the Notepad menu.
Name the file "index.htm" and set the encoding to UTF-8 (which is the preferred encoding for HTML files).
View in Browser

You can use either .htm or .html as file extension. There is no difference, it is up to you.

Step 4: View the HTML Page in Your Browser

Open the saved HTML file in your favorite browser (double click on the file, or right-click - and choose "Open with").
The result will look much like this:
View in Browser

HTML Basic Examples

Don't worry if these examples use tags you have not learned.

You will learn about them in the next chapters.

HTML Documents

All HTML documents must start with a document type declaration: <!DOCTYPE html>.
The HTML document itself begins with <html> and ends with </html>.
The visible part of the HTML document is between <body> and </body>.

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>

HTML Headings

HTML headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags.
<h1> defines the most important heading. <h6> defines the least important heading:

Example

<h1>This is heading 1</h1>
<h2>This is heading 2</h2>
<h3>This is heading 3</h3>

HTML Paragraphs

HTML paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag:

Example

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is another paragraph.</p>

HTML Links

HTML links are defined with the <a> tag:

Example

The link's destination is specified in the href attribute.
Attributes are used to provide additional information about HTML elements.

HTML Images

HTML images are defined with the <img> tag.
The source file (src), alternative text (alt), width, and height are provided as attributes:

Example

HTML Elements

An HTML element usually consists of a start tag and end tag, with the content inserted in between:

<tagname>Content goes here...</tagname>

The HTML element is everything from the start tag to the end tag:

<p>My first paragraph.</p>

Start tag	Element content	End tag
<h1>	My First Heading	</h1>
<p>	My first paragraph.	</p>
<br>

HTML elements with no content are called empty elements. Empty elements do not have an end tag, such as the <br> element (which indicates a line break).

Nested HTML Elements

HTML elements can be nested (elements can contain elements).
All HTML documents consist of nested HTML elements.
This example contains four HTML elements:

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>

Example Explained

The <html> element defines the whole document.
It has a start tag <html> and an end tag </html>.
The element content is another HTML element (the <body> element).

<html>
<body>

<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>

The <body> element defines the document body.
It has a start tag <body> and an end tag </body>.
The element content is two other HTML elements (<h1> and <p>).

<body>

<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>

</body>

The <h1> element defines a heading.
It has a start tag <h1> and an end tag </h1>.
The element content is: My First Heading.

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

The <p> element defines a paragraph.
It has a start tag <p> and an end tag </p>.
The element content is: My first paragraph.

<p>My first paragraph.</p>

Do Not Forget the End Tag

Some HTML elements will display correctly, even if you forget the end tag:

Example

<html>
<body>

<p>This is a paragraph
<p>This is a paragraph

</body>
</html>

The example above works in all browsers, because the closing tag is considered optional.
Never rely on this. It might produce unexpected results and/or errors if you forget the end tag.

Empty HTML Elements

HTML elements with no content are called empty elements.
<br> is an empty element without a closing tag (the <br> tag defines a line break).
Empty elements can be "closed" in the opening tag like this: <br />.
HTML5 does not require empty elements to be closed. But if you want stricter validation, or if you need to make your document readable by XML parsers, you must close all HTML elements properly.

Use Lowercase Tags

HTML tags are not case sensitive: <P> means the same as <p>.
The HTML5 standard does not require lowercase tags, but W3C recommends lowercase in HTML, and demands lowercase for stricter document types like XHTML.

At W3Schools we always use lowercase tags.

HTML Attributes

Attributes provide additional information about HTML elements.

HTML Attributes

All HTML elements can have attributes
Attributes provide additional information about an element
Attributes are always specified in the start tag
Attributes usually come in name/value pairs like: name="value"

The lang Attribute

The language of the document can be declared in the <html> tag.
The language is declared with the lang attribute.
Declaring a language is important for accessibility applications (screen readers) and search engines:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en-US">
<body>

...

</body>
</html>

The first two letters specify the language (en). If there is a dialect, use two more letters (US).

The title Attribute

Here, a title attribute is added to the <p> element. The value of the title attribute will be displayed as a tooltip when you mouse over the paragraph:

Example

<p title="I'm a tooltip">
This is a paragraph.
</p>

The href Attribute

HTML links are defined with the <a> tag. The link address is specified in the href attribute:

Example

You will learn more about links and the <a> tag later in this tutorial.

Size Attributes

HTML images are defined with the <img> tag.
The filename of the source (src), and the size of the image (widthand height) are all provided as attributes:

Example

The image size is specified in pixels: width="104" means 104 screen pixels wide.
You will learn more about images and the <img> tag later in this tutorial.

The alt Attribute

The alt attribute specifies an alternative text to be used, when an image cannot be displayed.
The value of the attribute can be read by screen readers. This way, someone "listening" to the webpage, e.g. a blind person, can "hear" the element.

Example

We Suggest: Use Lowercase Attributes

The HTML5 standard does not require lowercase attribute names.
The title attribute can be written with uppercase or lowercase like Title and/or TITLE.
W3C recommends lowercase in HTML, and demands lowercase for stricter document types like XHTML.

At W3Schools we always use lowercase attribute names.

We Suggest: Quote Attribute Values

The HTML5 standard does not require quotes around attribute values.
The href attribute, demonstrated above, can be written as:

Example

<ahref=http://www.w3schools.com>

W3C recommends quotes in HTML, and demands quotes for stricter document types like XHTML.
Sometimes it is necessary to use quotes. This example will not display the title attribute correctly, because it contains a space:

Example

Using quotes are the most common. Omitting quotes can produce errors.
At W3Schools we always use quotes around attribute values.

Single or Double Quotes?

Double quotes around attribute values are the most common in HTML, but single quotes can also be used.
In some situations, when the attribute value itself contains double quotes, it is necessary to use single quotes:

Or vice versa:

Chapter Summary

All HTML elements can have attributes
The title attribute provides additional "tool-tip" information
The href attribute provides address information for links
The width and height attributes provide size information for images
The alt attribute provides text for screen readers
At W3Schools we always use lowercase attribute names
At W3Schools we always quote attribute values with double quotes

Test Yourself with Exercises!

HTML Attributes

Below is an alphabetical list of some attributes often used in HTML:

Attribute	Description
alt	Specifies an alternative text for an image, when the image cannot be displayed
disabled	Specifies that an input element should be disabled
href	Specifies the URL (web address) for a link
id	Specifies a unique id for an element
src	Specifies the URL (web address) for an image
style	Specifies an inline CSS style for an element
title	Specifies extra information about an element (displayed as a tool tip)

A complete list of all attributes for each HTML element, is listed in our: HTML Attribute Reference.

HTML Headings

Headings are important in HTML documents.

HTML Headings

Headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags.
<h1> defines the most important heading. <h6> defines the least important heading.

Example

<h1>This is heading 1</h1>
<h2>This is heading 2</h2>
<h3>This is heading 3</h3>
<h4>This is heading 4</h4>
<h5>This is heading 5</h5>
<h6>This is heading 6</h6>

Note: Browsers automatically add some white space (a margin) before and after a heading.

Headings Are Important

Search engines use the headings to index the structure and content of your web pages.
Users skim your pages by its headings. It is important to use headings to show the document structure.
<h1> headings should be used for main headings, followed by <h2> headings, then the less important <h3>, and so on.

Note: Use HTML headings for headings only. Don't use headings to make text BIG or bold.

HTML Horizontal Rules

The <hr> tag defines a thematic break in an HTML page, and is most often displayed as a horizontal rule.
The <hr> element is used to separate content (or define a change) in an HTML page:

Example

<h1>This is heading 1</h1>
<p>This is some text.</p>
<hr>
<h2>This is heading 2</h2>
<p>This is some other text.</p>
<hr>

The HTML <head> Element

The HTML <head> element has nothing to do with HTML headings.
The <head> element is a container for metadata. HTML metadata is data about the HTML document. Metadata is not displayed.
The <head> element is placed between the <html> tag and the <body> tag:

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>My First HTML</title>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
</head>

<body>
.
.
.

Note: Metadata typically define the document title, character set, styles, links, scripts, and other meta information.

HTML Tip - How to View HTML Source

Have you ever seen a Web page and wondered "Hey! How did they do that?"
To find out, right-click in the page and select "View Page Source" (in Chrome) or "View Source" (in IE), or similar in another browser. This will open a window containing the HTML code of the page.

Test Yourself with Exercises!

HTML Tag Reference

W3Schools' tag reference contains additional information about these tags and their attributes.
You will learn more about HTML tags and attributes in the next chapters of this tutorial.

Tag	Description
<html>	Defines the root of an HTML document
<body>	Defines the document's body
<head>	A container for all the head elements (title, scripts, styles, meta information, and more)
<h1> to <h6>	Defines HTML headings
<hr>	Defines a thematic change in the content

HTML Paragraphs

The HTML <p> element defines a paragraph:

Example

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is another paragraph.</p>

Note: Browsers automatically add some white space (a margin) before and after a paragraph.

HTML Display

You cannot be sure how HTML will be displayed.
Large or small screens, and resized windows will create different results.
With HTML, you cannot change the output by adding extra spaces or extra lines in your HTML code.
The browser will remove any extra spaces and extra lines when the page is displayed:

Example

<p>
This paragraph
contains a lot of lines
in the source code,
but the browser
ignores it.
</p>

<p>
This paragraph
contains         a lot of spaces
in the source         code,
but the        browser
ignores it.
</p>

Don't Forget the End Tag

Most browsers will display HTML correctly even if you forget the end tag:

Example

<p>This is a paragraph.
<p>This is another paragraph.

The example above will work in most browsers, but do not rely on it.

Note: Dropping the end tag can produce unexpected results or errors.

HTML Line Breaks

The HTML <br> element defines a line break.
Use <br> if you want a line break (a new line) without starting a new paragraph:

Example

<p>This is<br>a paragraph<br>with line breaks.</p>

The <br> tag is an empty tag, which means that it has no end tag.

The Poem Problem

This poem will display on a single line:

Example

<p>
My Bonnie lies over the ocean.

My Bonnie lies over the sea.

My Bonnie lies over the ocean.

Oh, bring back my Bonnie to me.
</p>

The HTML <pre> Element

The HTML <pre> element defines preformatted text.
The text inside a <pre> element is displayed in a fixed-width font (usually Courier), and it preserves both spaces and line breaks:

Example

<pre>
My Bonnie lies over the ocean.

My Bonnie lies over the sea.

My Bonnie lies over the ocean.

Oh, bring back my Bonnie to me.
</pre>

Test Yourself with Exercises!

HTML Tag Reference

W3Schools' tag reference contains additional information about HTML elements and their attributes.

Tag	Description
<p>	Defines a paragraph
<br>	Inserts a single line break
<pre>	Defines pre-formatted text

HTML Styles

Jan Egil

HTML Styles

I am red

I am blue

The HTML Style Attribute

Setting the style of an HTML element, can be done with the style attribute.
The HTML style attribute has the following syntax:

The property is a CSS property. The value is a CSS value.
You will learn more about CSS later in this tutorial.

HTML Background Color

The background-color property defines the background color for an HTML element.
This example sets the background color for a page to powderblue:

Example

<body style="background-color:powderblue;">

<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

</body>

HTML Text Color

The color property defines the text color for an HTML element:

Example

<h1 style="color:blue;">This is a heading</h1>
<p style="color:red;">This is a paragraph.</p>

HTML Fonts

The font-family property defines the font to be used for an HTML element:

Example

<h1 style="font-family:verdana;">This is a heading</h1>
<p style="font-family:courier;">This is a paragraph.</p>

HTML Text Size

The font-size property defines the text size for an HTML element:

Example

<h1 style="font-size:300%;">This is a heading</h1>
<p style="font-size:160%;">This is a paragraph.</p>

HTML Text Alignment

The text-align property defines the horizontal text alignment for an HTML element:

Example

<h1 style="text-align:center;">Centered Heading</h1>
<p style="text-align:center;">Centered paragraph.</p>

Chapter Summary

Use the style attribute for styling HTML elements
Use background-color for background color
Use color for text colors
Use font-family for text fonts
Use font-size for text sizes
Use text-align for text alignment

Test Yourself with Exercises!

HTML Text Formatting

Text Formatting

This text is bold
This text is italic
This is_subscript and ^superscript

HTML Formatting Elements

In the previous chapter, you learned about the HTML style attribute.
HTML also defines special elements for defining text with a special meaning.
HTML uses elements like <b> and <i> for formatting output, like bold or italic text.
Formatting elements were designed to display special types of text:

<b> - Bold text
<strong> - Important text
<i> - Italic text
<em> - Emphasized text
<mark> - Marked text
<small> - Small text
<del> - Deleted text
<ins> - Inserted text
<sub> - Subscript text
<sup> - Superscript text

HTML <b> and <strong> Elements

The HTML <b> element defines bold text, without any extra importance.

Example

The HTML <strong> element defines strong text, with added semantic "strong" importance.

Example

<strong>This text is strong</strong>

HTML <i> and <em> Elements

The HTML <i> element defines italic text, without any extra importance.

Example

<i>This text is italic</i>

The HTML <em> element defines emphasized text, with added semantic importance.

Example

<em>This text is emphasized</em>

Note: Browsers display <strong> as <b>, and <em> as <i>. However, there is a difference in the meaning of these tags: <b> and <i> defines bold and italic text, but <strong> and <em> means that the text is "important".

HTML <small> Element

The HTML <small> element defines smaller text:

Example

<h2>HTML <small>Small</small> Formatting</h2>

HTML <mark> Element

The HTML <mark> element defines marked or highlighted text:

Example

<h2>HTML <mark>Marked</mark> Formatting</h2>

HTML <del> Element

The HTML <del> element defines ~~deleted~~ (removed) text.

Example

<p>My favorite color is <del>blue</del> red.</p>

HTML <ins> Element

The HTML <ins> element defines inserted (added) text.

Example

<p>My favorite <ins>color</ins> is red.</p>

HTML <sub> Element

The HTML <sub> element defines _subscripted text.

Example

<p>This is <sub>subscripted</sub> text.</p>

HTML <sup> Element

The HTML <sup> element defines ^{superscripted} text.

Example

<p>This is <sup>superscripted</sup> text.</p>

Test Yourself with Exercises!

HTML Text Formatting Elements

Tag	Description
<b>	Defines bold text
<em>	Defines emphasized text
<i>	Defines italic text
<small>	Defines smaller text
<strong>	Defines important text
<sub>	Defines subscripted text
<sup>	Defines superscripted text
<ins>	Defines inserted text
<del>	Defines deleted text
<mark>	Defines marked/highlighted text

HTML Quotation and Citation Elements

Quotation

Here is a quote from WWF's website:

For 50 years, WWF has been protecting the future of nature. The world's leading conservation organization, WWF works in 100 countries and is supported by 1.2 million members in the United States and close to 5 million globally.

HTML <q> for Short Quotations

The HTML <q> element defines a short quotation.
Browsers usually insert quotation marks around the <q> element.

Example

<p>WWF's goal is to: <q>Build a future where people live in harmony with nature.</q></p>

HTML <blockquote> for Quotations

The HTML <blockquote> element defines a section that is quoted from another source.
Browsers usually indent <blockquote> elements.

Example

<p>Here is a quote from WWF's website:</p>
<blockquote cite="http://www.worldwildlife.org/who/index.html">
For 50 years, WWF has been protecting the future of nature.
The world's leading conservation organization,
WWF works in 100 countries and is supported by
1.2 million members in the United States and
close to 5 million globally.
</blockquote>

HTML <abbr> for Abbreviations

The HTML <abbr> element defines an abbreviation or an acronym.
Marking abbreviations can give useful information to browsers, translation systems and search-engines.

Example

<p>The <abbr title="World Health Organization">WHO</abbr> was founded in 1948.</p>

HTML <address> for Contact Information

The HTML <address> element defines contact information (author/owner) of a document or an article.
The <address> element is usually displayed in italic. Most browsers will add a line break before and after the element.

Example

<address>
Written by John Doe.<br>
Visit us at:<br>
Example.com<br>
Box 564, Disneyland<br>
USA
</address>

HTML <cite> for Work Title

The HTML <cite> element defines the title of a work.
Browsers usually display <cite> elements in italic.

Example

<p><cite>The Scream</cite> by Edvard Munch. Painted in 1893.</p>

HTML <bdo> for Bi-Directional Override

The HTML <bdo> element defines bi-directional override.
The <bdo> element is used to override the current text direction:

Example

<bdo dir="rtl">This text will be written from right to left</bdo>

Test Yourself with Exercises!

HTML Quotation and Citation Elements

Tag	Description
<abbr>	Defines an abbreviation or acronym
<address>	Defines contact information for the author/owner of a document
<bdo>	Defines the text direction
<blockquote>	Defines a section that is quoted from another source
<cite>	Defines the title of a work
<q>	Defines a short inline quotation

HTML Quotation and Citation Elements

Quotation

Here is a quote from WWF's website:

For 50 years, WWF has been protecting the future of nature. The world's leading conservation organization, WWF works in 100 countries and is supported by 1.2 million members in the United States and close to 5 million globally.

HTML <q> for Short Quotations

The HTML <q> element defines a short quotation.
Browsers usually insert quotation marks around the <q> element.

Example

<p>WWF's goal is to: <q>Build a future where people live in harmony with nature.</q></p>

HTML <blockquote> for Quotations

The HTML <blockquote> element defines a section that is quoted from another source.
Browsers usually indent <blockquote> elements.

Example

HTML <abbr> for Abbreviations

The HTML <abbr> element defines an abbreviation or an acronym.
Marking abbreviations can give useful information to browsers, translation systems and search-engines.

Example

<p>The <abbr title="World Health Organization">WHO</abbr> was founded in 1948.</p>

HTML <address> for Contact Information

Example

<address>
Written by John Doe.<br>
Visit us at:<br>
Example.com<br>
Box 564, Disneyland<br>
USA
</address>

HTML <cite> for Work Title

The HTML <cite> element defines the title of a work.
Browsers usually display <cite> elements in italic.

Example

<p><cite>The Scream</cite> by Edvard Munch. Painted in 1893.</p>

HTML <bdo> for Bi-Directional Override

The HTML <bdo> element defines bi-directional override.
The <bdo> element is used to override the current text direction:

Example

<bdo dir="rtl">This text will be written from right to left</bdo>

Test Yourself with Exercises!

HTML Quotation and Citation Elements

Tag	Description
<abbr>	Defines an abbreviation or acronym
<address>	Defines contact information for the author/owner of a document
<bdo>	Defines the text direction
<blockquote>	Defines a section that is quoted from another source
<cite>	Defines the title of a work
<q>	Defines a short inline quotation

HTML Computer Code Elements

Computer Code

<code>
var x = 5;
var y = 6;
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = x + y;
</code>

HTML Computer Code Formatting

HTML normally uses variable letter size and spacing.
This is not what we want when displaying computer code.
The <kbd>, <samp>, and <code> elements are all displayed in fixed letter size and spacing.

HTML <kbd> For Keyboard Input

The HTML <kbd> element defines keyboard input:

Example

Result:

File | Open...

HTML <samp> For Computer Output

The HTML <samp> element defines sample output from a computer program:

Example

<samp>
demo.example.com login: Apr 12 09:10:17
Linux 2.6.10-grsec+gg3+e+fhs6b+nfs+gr0501+++p3+c4a+gr2b-reslog-v6.189
</samp>

Result:

demo.example.com login: Apr 12 09:10:17 Linux 2.6.10-grsec+gg3+e+fhs6b+nfs+gr0501+++p3+c4a+gr2b-reslog-v6.189

HTML <code> For Computer Code

The HTML <code> element defines a piece of programming code:

Example

<code>
var x = 5;
var y = 6;
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = x + y;
</code>

Result:

var x = 5; var y = 6; document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = x + y;

Notice that the <code> element does not preserve extra whitespace and line-breaks.
To fix this, you can put the <code> element inside a <pre> element:

Example

<pre>
<code>
var x = 5;
var y = 6;
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = x + y;
</code>
</pre>

Result:

var x = 5;
var y = 6;
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = x + y;

HTML <var> For Variables

The HTML <var> element defines a variable.
The variable could be a variable in a mathematical expression or a variable in programming context:

Example

Einstein wrote: <var>E</var> = <var>m</var><var>c</var><sup>2</sup>.

Result:

Einstein wrote: E = mc².

Test Yourself with Exercises!

HTML Computer Code Elements

Tag	Description
<code>	Defines programming code
<kbd>	Defines keyboard input
<samp>	Defines computer output
<var>	Defines a variable
<pre>	Defines preformatted text

HTML Comments

Comment tags are used to insert comments in the HTML source code.

HTML Comment Tags

You can add comments to your HTML source by using the following syntax:

Notice that there is an exclamation point (!) in the opening tag, but not in the closing tag.

Note: Comments are not displayed by the browser, but they can help document your HTML source code.

With comments you can place notifications and reminders in your HTML:

Example

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

Comments are also great for debugging HTML, because you can comment out HTML lines of code, one at a time, to search for errors:

Example

Conditional Comments

You might stumble upon conditional comments in HTML:

Conditional comments defines some HTML tags to be executed by Internet Explorer only.

Test Yourself with Exercises!

HTML Colors

In HTML, a color can be specified by using a color name, an RGB value, or a HEX value.

Color Names

In HTML, a color can be specified by using a color name:

Example

Color	Name
	Red
	Orange
	Yellow
	Cyan
	Blue

HTML supports 140 standard color names.

RGB Value

In HTML, a color can also be specified as an RGB value, using this formula: rgb(red, green, blue)
Each parameter (red, green, and blue) defines the intensity of the color between 0 and 255.
For example, rgb(255,0,0) is displayed as red, because red is set to its highest value (255) and the others are set to 0.
To display the color black, all color parameters must be set to 0, like this: rgb(0,0,0).
To display the color white, all color parameters must be set to 255, like this: rgb(255,255,255).
Experiment by mixing the RGB values below:

Red	Green	Blue
255	0	0

rgb(255, 0, 0)

Example

Color	RGB
	rgb(255,0,0)
	rgb(255,255,0)
	rgb(0,255,0)
	rgb(0,255,255)
	rgb(0,0,255)

Shades of gray are often defined using equal values for all the 3 light sources:

Example

Color	RGB
	rgb(0,0,0)
	rgb(90,90,90)
	rgb(128,128,128)
	rgb(200,200,200)
	rgb(255,255,255)

HEX Value

In HTML, a color can also be specified using a hexadecimal value in the form: #RRGGBB, where RR (red), GG (green) and BB (blue) are hexadecimal values between 00 and FF (same as decimal 0-255).
For example, #FF0000 is displayed as red, because red is set to its highest value (FF) and the others are set to the lowest value (00).

Example

Color	HEX
	#FF0000
	#FFFF00
	#00FF00
	#00FFFF
	#0000FF

Shades of gray are often defined using equal values for all the 3 light sources:

Example

Color	HEX
	#000000
	#404040
	#808080
	#CCCCCC
	#FFFFFF

HTML Styles - CSS

CSS = Styles and Colors

Manipulate Text

Colors, Boxes

Styling HTML with CSS

CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets.
CSS describes how HTML elements are to be displayed on screen, paper, or in other media.
CSS saves a lot of work. It can control the layout of multiple web pages all at once.
CSS can be added to HTML elements in 3 ways:

Inline - by using the style attribute in HTML elements
Internal - by using a <style> element in the <head> section
External - by using an external CSS file

The most common way to add CSS, is to keep the styles in separate CSS files. However, here we will use inline and internal styling, because this is easier to demonstrate, and easier for you to try it yourself.

Tip: You can learn much more about CSS in our CSS Tutorial.

Inline CSS

An inline CSS is used to apply a unique style to a single HTML element.
An inline CSS uses the style attribute of an HTML element.
This example sets the text color of the <h1> element to blue:

Example

<h1 style="color:blue;">This is a Blue Heading</h1>

Internal CSS

An internal CSS is used to define a style for a single HTML page.
An internal CSS is defined in the <head> section of an HTML page, within a <style> element:

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
body {background-color: powderblue;}
h1 {color: blue;}
p {color: red;}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>

External CSS

An external style sheet is used to define the style for many HTML pages.
With an external style sheet, you can change the look of an entire web site, by changing one file!
To use an external style sheet, add a link to it in the <head> section of the HTML page:

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css">
</head>
<body>

<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>

An external style sheet can be written in any text editor. The file must not contain any HTML code, and must be saved with a .css extension.
Here is how the "styles.css" looks:

body {
    background-color: powderblue;}
h1 {
    color: blue;}
p {
    color: red;}

CSS Fonts

The CSS color property defines the text color to be used.
The CSS font-family property defines the font to be used.
The CSS font-size property defines the text size to be used.

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
h1 {
    color: blue;
    font-family: verdana;
    font-size: 300%;}
p {
    color: red;
    font-family: courier;
    font-size: 160%;}</style>
</head>
<body>

<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>

CSS Border

The CSS border property defines a border around an HTML element:

Example

p {
border: 1px solid powderblue;}

CSS Padding

The CSS padding property defines a padding (space) between the text and the border:

Example

p {
border: 1px solid powderblue;
padding: 30px;}

CSS Margin

The CSS margin property defines a margin (space) outside the border:

Example

p {
border: 1px solid powderblue;
margin: 50px;
}

The id Attribute

To define a specific style for one special element, add an id attribute to the element:

<p id="p01">I am different</p>

then define a style for the element with the specific id:

Example

#p01 {
color: blue;}

Note: The id of an element should be unique within a page, so the id selector is used to select one unique element!

The class Attribute

To define a style for a special type of elements, add a class attribute to the element:

<p class="error">I am different</p>

then define a style for the elements with the specific class:

Example

p.error {
color: red;}

Chapter Summary

Use the HTML style attribute for inline styling
Use the HTML <style> element to define internal CSS
Use the HTML <link> element to refer to an external CSS file
Use the HTML <head> element to store <style> and <link> elements
Use the CSS color property for text colors
Use the CSS font-family property for text fonts
Use the CSS font-size property for text sizes
Use the CSS border property for borders
Use the CSS padding property for space inside the border
Use the CSS margin property for space outside the border

Test Yourself with Exercises!

HTML Style Tags

Tag	Description
<style>	Defines style information for an HTML document
<link>	Defines a link between a document and an external resource

HTML Links

Links are found in nearly all web pages. Links allow users to click their way from page to page.

HTML Links - Hyperlinks

HTML links are hyperlinks.
You can click on a link and jump to another document.
When you move the mouse over a link, the mouse arrow will turn into a little hand.

Note: A link does not have to be text. It can be an image or any other HTML element.

HTML Links - Syntax

In HTML, links are defined with the <a> tag:

Example

<a href="http://www.w3schools.com/html/">Visit our HTML tutorial</a>

The href attribute specifies the destination address (http://www.w3schools.com/html/) of the link.
The link text is the visible part (Visit our HTML tutorial).
Clicking on the link text will send you to the specified address.

Note: Without a forward slash on subfolder addresses, you might generate two requests to the server. Many servers will automatically add a forward slash to the address, and then create a new request.

Local Links

The example above used an absolute URL (A full web address).
A local link (link to the same web site) is specified with a relative URL (without http://www....).

Example

<a href="html_images.asp">HTML Images</a>

HTML Link Colors

By default, a link will appear like this (in all browsers):

An unvisited link is underlined and blue
A visited link is underlined and purple
An active link is underlined and red

You can change the default colors, by using styles:

Example

HTML Links - The target Attribute

The target attribute specifies where to open the linked document.
The target attribute can have one of the following values:

_blank - Opens the linked document in a new window or tab
_self - Opens the linked document in the same window/tab as it was clicked (this is default)
_parent - Opens the linked document in the parent frame
_top - Opens the linked document in the full body of the window
framename - Opens the linked document in a named frame

This example will open the linked document in a new browser window/tab:

Example

<a href="http://www.w3schools.com/"target="_blank">Visit W3Schools!</a>

Tip: If your webpage is locked in a frame, you can use target="_top" to break out of the frame:

Example

<a href="http://www.w3schools.com/html/"target="_top">HTML5 tutorial!</a>

HTML Links - Image as Link

It is common to use images as links:

Example

Note: border:0; is added to prevent IE9 (and earlier) from displaying a border around the image (when the image is a link).

HTML Links - Create a Bookmark

HTML bookmarks are used to allow readers to jump to specific parts of a Web page.
Bookmarks can be useful if your webpage is very long.
To make a bookmark, you must first create the bookmark, and then add a link to it.
When the link is clicked, the page will scroll to the location with the bookmark.

Example

First, create a bookmark with the id attribute:

<h2 id="tips">Useful Tips Section</h2>

Then, add a link to the bookmark ("Useful Tips Section"), from within the same page:

<a href="#tips">Visit the Useful Tips Section</a>

Or, add a link to the bookmark ("Useful Tips Section"), from another page:

Example

<a href="html_tips.html#tips">Visit the Useful Tips Section</a>

Chapter Summary

Use the <a> element to define a link
Use the href attribute to define the link address
Use the target attribute to define where to open the linked document
Use the <img> element (inside <a>) to use an image as a link
Use the id attribute (id="value") to define bookmarks in a page
Use the href attribute (href="#value") to link to the bookmark

Test Yourself with Exercises!

HTML Link Tags

Tag	Description
<a>	Defines a hyperlink

HTML Images

JPG Images

GIF Images

PNG Images

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<h2>Spectacular Mountain</h2>
<img src="pic_mountain.jpg" alt="Mountain View" style="width:304px;height:228px;">

</body>
</html>

HTML Images Syntax

In HTML, images are defined with the <img> tag.
The <img> tag is empty, it contains attributes only, and does not have a closing tag.
The src attribute specifies the URL (web address) of the image:

The alt Attribute

The alt attribute provides an alternate text for an image, if the user for some reason cannot view it (because of slow connection, an error in the src attribute, or if the user uses a screen reader).
If a browser cannot find an image, it will display the value of the alt attribute:

Example

The alt attribute is required. A web page will not validate correctly without it.

HTML Screen Readers

A screen reader is a software program that reads the HTML code, converts the text, and allows the user to "listen" to the content. Screen readers are useful for people who are blind, visually impaired, or learning disabled.

Image Size - Width and Height

You can use the style attribute to specify the width and height of an image.
The values are specified in pixels (use px after the value):

Example

Alternatively, you can use the width and height attributes. Here, the values are specified in pixels by default:

Example

Note: Always specify the width and height of an image. If width and height are not specified, the page will flicker while the image loads.

Width and Height, or Style?

Both the width, height, and style attributes are valid in HTML5.
However, we suggest using the style attribute. It prevents internal or external styles sheets from changing the original size of images:

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
img {
width:100%; }
</style>
</head>
<body>

<img src="html5.gif" alt="HTML5 Icon" style="width:128px;height:128px;">
<img src="html5.gif" alt="HTML5 Icon" width="128" height="128">

</body>
</html>

Images in Another Folder

If not specified, the browser expects to find the image in the same folder as the web page.
However, it is common to store images in a sub-folder. You must then include the folder name in the src attribute:

Example

Images on Another Server

Some web sites store their images on image servers.
Actually, you can access images from any web address in the world:

Example

Animated Images

The GIF standard allows animated images:

Example

Note that the syntax of inserting animated images is no different from non-animated images.

Using an Image as a Link

To use an image as a link, simply nest the <img> tag inside the <a> tag:

Example

Note: border:0; is added to prevent IE9 (and earlier) from displaying a border around the image (when the image is a link).

Image Floating

Use the CSS float property to let the image float to the right or to the left of a text:

Example

<p><img src="smiley.gif" alt="Smiley face"style="float:right;width:42px;height:42px;">
The image will float to the right of the text.</p>

<p><img src="smiley.gif" alt="Smiley face"style="float:left;width:42px;height:42px;">
The image will float to the left of the text.</p>

Image Maps

Use the <map> tag to define an image-map. An image-map is an image with clickable areas.
The name attribute of the <map> tag is associated with the <img>'s usemap attribute and creates a relationship between the image and the map.
The <map> tag contains a number of <area> tags, that defines the clickable areas in the image-map:

Example

Chapter Summary

Use the HTML <img> element to define an image
Use the HTML src attribute to define the URL of the image
Use the HTML alt attribute to define an alternate text for an image, if it cannot be displayed
Use the HTML width and height attributes to define the size of the image
Use the CSS width and height properties to define the size of the image (alternatively)
Use the CSS float property to let the image float
Use the HTML <map> element to define an image-map
Use the HTML <area> element to define the clickable areas in the image-map
Use the HTML <img>'s element usemap attribute to point to an image-map

Note: Loading images takes time. Large images can slow down your page. Use images carefully.

Test Yourself with Exercises!

HTML Image Tags

Tag	Description
<img>	Defines an image
<map>	Defines an image-map
<area>	Defines a clickable area inside an image-map

HTML Tables

HTML Table Example

Company	Contact	Country
Alfreds Futterkiste	Maria Anders	Germany
Centro comercial Moctezuma	Francisco Chang	Mexico
Ernst Handel	Roland Mendel	Austria
Island Trading	Helen Bennett	UK
Laughing Bacchus Winecellars	Yoshi Tannamuri	Canada
Magazzini Alimentari Riuniti	Giovanni Rovelli	Italy

Defining an HTML Table

An HTML table is defined with the <table> tag.
Each table row is defined with the <tr> tag. A table header is defined with the <th> tag. By default, table headings are bold and centered. A table data/cell is defined with the <td> tag.

Example

<table style="width:100%">
<tr>
    <th>Firstname</th>
    <th>Lastname</th>
    <th>Age</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Jill</td>
    <td>Smith</td>
    <td>50</td>
</tr>
<tr>
    <td>Eve</td>
    <td>Jackson</td>
    <td>94</td>
</tr>
</table>

Note: The <td> elements are the data containers of the table.
They can contain all sorts of HTML elements; text, images, lists, other tables, etc.

HTML Table - Adding a Border

If you do not specify a border for the table, it will be displayed without borders.
A border is set using the CSS border property:

Example

table, th, td {
border: 1px solid black;
}

Remember to define borders for both the table and the table cells.

HTML Table - Collapsed Borders

If you want the borders to collapse into one border, add the CSS border-collapse property:

Example

table, th, td {
border: 1px solid black;
border-collapse: collapse;}

HTML Table - Adding Cell Padding

Cell padding specifies the space between the cell content and its borders.
If you do not specify a padding, the table cells will be displayed without padding.
To set the padding, use the CSS padding property:

Example

th, td {
padding: 15px;}

HTML Table - Left-align Headings

By default, table headings are bold and centered.
To left-align the table headings, use the CSS text-align property:

Example

th {
text-align: left;}

HTML Table - Adding Border Spacing

Border spacing specifies the space between the cells.
To set the border spacing for a table, use the CSS border-spacing property:

Example

table {
border-spacing: 5px;}

Note: If the table has collapsed borders, border-spacing has no effect.

HTML Table - Cells that Span Many Columns

To make a cell span more than one column, use the colspan attribute:

Example

<table style="width:100%">
<tr>
    <th>Name</th>
    <th colspan="2">Telephone</th>
</tr>
<tr>
    <td>Bill Gates</td>
    <td>55577854</td>
    <td>55577855</td>
</tr>
</table>

HTML Table - Cells that Span Many Rows

To make a cell span more than one row, use the rowspan attribute:

Example

<table style="width:100%">
<tr>
    <th>Name:</th>
    <td>Bill Gates</td>
</tr>
<tr>
    <th rowspan="2">Telephone:</th>
    <td>55577854</td>
</tr>
<tr>
    <td>55577855</td>
</tr>
</table>

HTML Table - Adding a Caption

To add a caption to a table, use the <caption> tag:

Example

<table style="width:100%">
<caption>Monthly savings</caption>
<tr>
    <th>Month</th>
    <th>Savings</th>
</tr>
<tr>
    <td>January</td>
    <td>$100</td>
</tr>
<tr>
    <td>February</td>
    <td>$50</td>
</tr>
</table>

Note: The <caption> tag must be inserted immediately after the <table> tag.

A Special Style for One Table

To define a special style for a special table, add an id attribute to the table:

Example

<table id="t01">
<tr>
    <th>Firstname</th>
    <th>Lastname</th>
    <th>Age</th>
</tr>
<tr>
    <td>Eve</td>
    <td>Jackson</td>
    <td>94</td>
</tr>
</table>

Now you can define a special style for this table:

table#t01 {
width: 100%;
background-color: #f1f1c1;}

And add more styles:

table#t01 tr:nth-child(even) {
    background-color: #eee;}
table#t01 tr:nth-child(odd) {
    background-color: #fff;}
table#t01 th {
    color: white;
    background-color: black;}

Chapter Summary

Use the HTML <table> element to define a table
Use the HTML <tr> element to define a table row
Use the HTML <td> element to define a table data
Use the HTML <th> element to define a table heading
Use the HTML <caption> element to define a table caption
Use the CSS border property to define a border
Use the CSS border-collapse property to collapse cell borders
Use the CSS padding property to add padding to cells
Use the CSS text-align property to align cell text
Use the CSS border-spacing property to set the spacing between cells
Use the colspan attribute to make a cell span many columns
Use the rowspan attribute to make a cell span many rows
Use the id attribute to uniquely define one table

Test Yourself with Exercises!

HTML Table Tags

Tag	Description
<table>	Defines a table
<th>	Defines a header cell in a table
<tr>	Defines a row in a table
<td>	Defines a cell in a table
<caption>	Defines a table caption
<colgroup>	Specifies a group of one or more columns in a table for formatting
<col>	Specifies column properties for each column within a <colgroup> element
<thead>	Groups the header content in a table
<tbody>	Groups the body content in a table
<tfoot>	Groups the footer content in a table

HTML Lists

HTML List Example

An Unordered List:

Item
Item
Item
Item

An Ordered List:

First item
Second item
Third item
Fourth item

Unordered HTML List

An unordered list starts with the <ul> tag. Each list item starts with the <li> tag.
The list items will be marked with bullets (small black circles) by default:

Example

<ul>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>

Unordered HTML List - Choose List Item Marker

The CSS list-style-type property is used to define the style of the list item marker:

Value	Description
disc	Sets the list item marker to a bullet (default)
circle	Sets the list item marker to a circle
square	Sets the list item marker to a square
none	The list items will not be marked

Example - Disc

<ul style="list-style-type:disc">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>

Example - Circle

<ul style="list-style-type:circle">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>

Example - Square

<ul style="list-style-type:square">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>

Example - None

<ul style="list-style-type:none">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>

Ordered HTML List

An ordered list starts with the <ol> tag. Each list item starts with the <li> tag.
The list items will be marked with numbers by default:

Example

<ol>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>

Ordered HTML List - The Type Attribute

The type attribute of the <ol> tag, defines the type of the list item marker:

Type	Description
type="1"	The list items will be numbered with numbers (default)
type="A"	The list items will be numbered with uppercase letters
type="a"	The list items will be numbered with lowercase letters
type="I"	The list items will be numbered with uppercase roman numbers
type="i"	The list items will be numbered with lowercase roman numbers

Numbers:

<ol type="1">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>

Uppercase Letters:

<ol type="A">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>

Lowercase Letters:

<ol type="a">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>

Uppercase Roman Numbers:

<ol type="I">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>

Lowercase Roman Numbers:

<ol type="i">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>

HTML Description Lists

HTML also supports description lists.
A description list is a list of terms, with a description of each term.
The <dl> tag defines the description list, the <dt> tag defines the term (name), and the <dd> tag describes each term:

Example

<dl>
<dt>Coffee</dt>
<dd>- black hot drink</dd>
<dt>Milk</dt>
<dd>- white cold drink</dd>
</dl>

Nested HTML Lists

List can be nested (lists inside lists):

Example

<ul>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea
<ul>
    <li>Black tea</li>
      <li>Green tea</li>
    </ul>
</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>

Note: List items can contain new list, and other HTML elements, like images and links, etc.

Horizontal Lists

HTML lists can be styled in many different ways with CSS.
One popular way is to style a list horizontally, to create a menu:

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
ul {
    list-style-type: none;
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
    overflow: hidden;
    background-color: #333333;}

li {
    float: left;}

li a {
    display: block;
    color: white;
    text-align: center;
    padding: 16px;
    text-decoration: none;}

li a:hover {
    background-color: #111111;}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<ul>
<li><a href="#home">Home</a></li>
<li><a href="#news">News</a></li>
<li><a href="#contact">Contact</a></li>
<li><a href="#about">About</a></li>
</ul>

</body>
</html>

Chapter Summary

Use the HTML <ul> element to define an unordered list
Use the CSS list-style-type property to define the list item marker
Use the HTML <ol> element to define an ordered list
Use the HTML type attribute to define the numbering type
Use the HTML <li> element to define a list item
Use the HTML <dl> element to define a description list
Use the HTML <dt> element to define the description term
Use the HTML <dd> element to describe term term in a description list
Lists can be nested inside lists
List items can contain other HTML elements
Use the CSS property float:left or display:inline to display a list horizontally

Test Yourself with Exercises!

HTML List Tags

Tag	Description
<ul>	Defines an unordered list
<ol>	Defines an ordered list
<li>	Defines a list item
<dl>	Defines a description list
<dt>	Defines a term in a description list
<dd>	Describes the term in a description list

HTML Block and Inline Elements

Every HTML element has a default display value depending on what type of element it is. The default display value for most elements is block or inline.

Block-level Elements

A block-level element always starts on a new line and takes up the full width available (stretches out to the left and right as far as it can).

The <div> element is a block-level element.

Examples of block-level elements:

<div>
<h1> - <h6>
<p>
<form>

Inline Elements

An inline element does not start on a new line and only takes up as much width as necessary.
This is an inline <span> element inside a paragraph.
Examples of inline elements:

<span>
<a>
<img>

The <div> Element

The <div> element is often used as a container for other HTML elements.
The <div> element has no required attributes, but both style and class are common.
When used together with CSS, the <div> element can be used to style blocks of content:

Example

<div style="background-color:black;color:white;padding:20px;">
<h2>London</h2>
<p>London is the capital city of England. It is the most populous city in the United Kingdom, with a metropolitan area of over 13 million inhabitants.</p>
</div>

The <span> Element

The <span> element is often used as a container for some text.
The <span> element has no required attributes, but both style and class are common.
When used together with CSS, the <span> element can be used to style parts of the text:

Example

<h1>My <span style="color:red">Important</span> Heading</h1>

HTML Grouping Tags

Tag	Description
<div>	Defines a section in a document (block-level)
<span>	Defines a section in a document (inline)

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